In recent years large-scale development in the walnut Feicheng, mass enthusiasm running high, but is still a lack of cultivation techniques, in order to ensure that the majority of farmers should be planting walnuts can achieve the return on the preparation of this special cultivation techniques.
I. Introduction walnut varieties
(a) of the walnut is a species classification
Juglandaceae Juglans walnut trees, Juglans major walnut cultivation has two walnut and iron species, in addition to walnuts walnut and iron,UGG boots cheap, but this is the black walnut, wild walnut, pecan and hickory and other species of the genus, but also walnut growers should cause concern and attention.
walnut in the Yellow River basin and north of the cultivation, nurturing long-term cultivation of many varieties, divided as early and late implementation of two major categories of real. Walnut early origin, mainly in Xinjiang, Xinjiang walnut varieties are basically the origin, its main feature is planted the first 1-2 years you can see results, but the resistance is weak. The main varieties are Hong Ling, Yuan Feng, Lu light, Feng Hui, fifth in the forest, Liaoning Nuclear One and so on. Walnut evening began planting the first 5-6 years of fruiting, but resistance is strong, the main varieties are fragrant and so on.
(b) of Walnut Cultivars
1. Early Walnut Cultivars
Hong Ling: from Shandong Institute of Pomology in 1978, was bred by artificial hybridization, identified through the ministry in 1989. 2-3 year old in the cultivation of grafted fruiting. Nut oblong, the average single fruit weight 9.5-15.4 g, shell thickness of 0.9 mm, the shell surface smooth, flat seams, easy to crack, the rate of 53-61.2% kernel, preferred the whole kernel, nucleolus full; nucleolar oil rate of 65.58%, the flavor is sweet. Strong branching plant, tree vigor moderation, fruit branch was 85.7%, 88.9% rate of lateral fruiting branches to the Short Pod-based, the average fruit per fruiting branch 1.3, high yield and good. In late March, Shandong Taian seed, male loose powder in mid-April, peak in late April for the female flower, which is hung variety. The black spot disease of walnut varieties, there is some resistance to walnut anthracnose. More suitable for deep soil planting site conditions.
Lu light: by the Shandong Institute of Pomology artificial hybridization in 1978, bred in 1989 by ministerial-level identification. 2-3 year old year of planting grafted fruiting. Long Park, near spherical nut; single fruit average weight 16.7 g; shell surface is smooth and beautiful, good character goods, sutures close. Shell thickness of 0.8-1.0 mm; desirable whole kernels, the yellow seed coat, nucleolus full, kernel rate of 56.2-62.0%, 66.38% oil content. Plant growth vigor strong Shuzi open, branched,; fruit branch 81.8%, 80.8% rate of lateral fruiting branches, mainly the long fruit branch, the average fruit per fruiting branch 1.3. High yield and strong. In late March, Shandong Taian sprouting, April, and mid-shedding male, female flowers peak in late April, is hung variety. Black spot on Walnut, there is some resistance to anthracnose, suitable for deep soil of the mountain, hilly cultivation.
Genpo: Shandong Institute of Pomology from Xinjiang in the early walnut seedlings selected. Early fruit, hung type, fruit weight 11.1-12.8g, shell thickness 1.3mm, kernel rate 46.25-50.5%, 68.66% fat content Jen, protein 19.27%, high yield, disease resistance.
Liao Nuclear One: the forest Research Institute of Liaoning Province from artificial crosses. Identified through the ministry in 1989. 2-3 year old planting of grafted fruiting began. Nut Park spherical shell surface smooth, sutures closer. The average diameter of 3.4 cm three nuts, fruit average weight of 10 grams or so. 0.9 mm thick shell around the inner wall of membranous or degradation of desirable whole kernels, the rate of 56.0-60.0% kernel, nucleolus yellow-white, full. Plant growth vigor robust, Shuzi upright, branching and strong, about 90% fruit branches, lateral fruiting branches reached 100%, the average fruit per fruiting branch 1.3, a continuous high yield and strong. Dalian in Liaoning sprouting in mid-April, early May, male anthesis, female flowers in mid-May peak, which is hung variety. If the amount of configuration in the orchard or the forest Liao fifth fifth nuclear plant trees for pollination can increase the fertility rate, increase the amount of seed.
2. The late Varieties About
fragrance: the 20th century Japan in the early 80's walnut Hebei Agricultural University experts presented to the varieties of walnut. Shushi moderation, Shuzi semi-open, branches thick, the results of branch rate of 37.39%, a result of lateral buds. Nearly conical nuts, shell smooth and light brown skin, nice appearance, fruit large, average weight 13 ~ 16g; kernel full, within the folds of the wall degradation, easy to take kernel, kernel rate of 52 to 53%; kernel color yellow, style very short-tailed bird. Strong resistance. Male flowers first cooked.
3. If new varieties of walnut wood used along with Lu-core 1 is from Xinjiang early walnut seedling offspring selected in 1996 as a superior system for 1997-2001 re-election, runoff, and Feicheng, Fei County, Taian, etc. grafting, a regional test and varieties. According to records of walnut breeding standards and methods, detailed investigation into the trunk growth rate, botanical characteristics, nuts economic traits and biological characteristics, the results showed that strong, good quality nuts, fruit wood is an excellent use either walnut varieties. December 10, 2002 by Shandong Provincial Science and Technology experts.
Shuzi more upright, conical crown; trunk gray, smooth, with shallow longitudinal; branches thick and smooth. Green shoots brown, average length of 23.3cm, rough 0.79cm. Mixed bud tip round, medium and large, shoot a mini, adnate, the main secondary branches, buds separation, bud tip greenish brown. The results of pumping raw mixed bud branches with 2-3 female flower of Health, Stigma green yellow. Male inflorescence length 9cm, leaf length 43.2cm, leaflets 5-9 tablets, the top leaflets oblong, long 17.1cm, width 8.3cm, thick leaves, dark green, leaf margin entire. Fruit oblong, light green, thin hair, lenticels small, dense, medium-and long fruit stalk, fruit bark thickness 0.50cm, three average diameter 4.64cm.
Shushi strong, fast growth, Shuzi upright. Mother tree up to 10 years 9.5m. Young trees grow fast, 3 year average annual growth of trunk diameter 2.5cm, trees go further average increase of 2.5m; 8 year old grafted trees grow rapidly, the main branch diameter growth 2.56cm, the average annual growth extended 106.7cm ~ mother tree shoots 10-year long 23.3cm, rough 0.79cm, diameter growth volume 1.35cm.
conical nuts, light yellow, top fruit, fruit base flat, round, smooth surface of the shell, sutures slightly convex, with close, easy to crack. Shell have a certain strength, resistance to washing, bleaching, and transportation. Shell thickness 1.2mm, inner wall of membranous fold, mediastinal developed, preferable the whole kernel. The yellow seed coat, no astringency, nucleolus full, fragrant, kernel 55%, 63.7% fat content, protein content 17.5%. Nuts longitudinal diameter 41.9mm, diameter 32.0mm, lateral diameter 31.9mm, fruit weight 13.2 g, kernel weight 7.25 g, comprehensive and high quality.
grafted flowering the second year after planting, the results of the third year, the results of the second year of grafted trees. Alma mater, strong branches, fruit rate of 68.7%, 73.6% rate of lateral buds, and more double-fruit, the result of long fruit branch-based, high yield potential, stable and strong.
in Taian, Shandong Nuclear 1 germination in late March, early April and leaf, male flowers open in mid-April, as the female flowers peak in late April. Hung type. Fruit ripening in late August, 123 days of fruit development. Leaves in early November, the plant growth period of 210 days. Period and Lu Feng female, female, etc. Green Wave's first male flowering varieties are basically the same.
the early fruiting varieties of species, sprouting ability, strong branching, lateral bud higher rates of female flower formation is easy, high fruit, but the strong early growth, lower yield, yield increases with tree age increased, growth slowed down, high yield potential. 12-year mother trees produce 15 kg or more lines, trees grafting into the high yield of 6-8 years.
II Walnut Orchard technology
(a) the choice of site conditions should be selected
Walnut built more moderate in slope, deep fertile soil with good drainage, sunny leeward , limestone soil development. Shale, granite and development of soil can be planted walnut, but the seed of lime in the soil of calcium supplement. Low-lying water, the soil should not be too sticky regional development walnuts.
(b) Early site preparation
Walnut early results, high yield and good: a small amount of the third year of production; the first five years of the early access Sheng fruit yield per plant may reach 8 10 kg; seventh year into the rich period, yield per plant can reach 15 to 20 kg (800 ~ 1000 kg per mu.) And continue to ensure high yield, the soil can supply adequate nutrients is essential, and the high standard of site preparation is the foundation. The best way
site preparation for construction of terraces and soil pumping slot. Terracing where the best conditions, based on the terraces for soil or pumping tank dug hole. Pumping slot is good for land preparation methods of soil, usually in the moderate slope of the place or the ground, spaced by 4 to 4.5 meters, 0.8 ~ 1.0 m wide dug deep trough of 0.7 to 0.8 meters, and then a layer of a layer of straw practical backfill soil layer, and finally into a high of about 15 cm from the ridge; backfill topsoil when the next, in the subsoil, to fill layer of straw, grass, straw, leaves and other fully at ease. Site preparation using a large hole into smaller spacing can be dug 4.0 to 4.5 meters × 3.3 ~ 4.0 m density,cheap UGG boots, dug 1.0 m × 1.0 米 × 0.8 m hole, after hole dug soil with pumping slots for the same surface in the next, the heart soil in the last, filling one layer and layer of straw and other organic matter at ease.
soil preparation, preferably in the 8 to 9 month, when the backfill soil preparation when a large number of straw, grass can backfill, backfill and high temperatures conducive to decay. The latest time for planting should be completed by.
(c) early planting
dwarf walnut trees, suitable for close planting, 40 to 50 acres and planted more appropriate to adopt 4.5 × 3.5 m or 4.0 × 3.3 meters. Cultivation time since the fall leaves to the next spring before germination can be carried out, planted as early as possible during this period, both to improve the survival rate, but also improve the growth that year.
planting be carried out when the roots trimmed, to breaking of root segments, long root, the upper 80 cm determined to stay dry. When planting root with a thin layer of soil will be tight at ease by setting the root after the drenched water (+0.4% available potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.4% mixture of urea fertilizer was used as the water would be better given the root), and finally a layer of pine covered in the above soil (not compacted.) Be careful not to plant too deeply, to marry the interface above the ground, not buried in the earth.
Third, high yield technology
(a) the management of childhood is childhood
l ~ 3 years after planting. The main task of management is to strengthen the fertilizer and water management, accelerated tree growth, yield premature for the future and lay a good foundation material; do a good job shaping, cultivating a good yield of the skeleton tree.
l.
planting planting year the year the management is mainly on the basis of ensuring the survival and accelerate the growth of seedlings, the specific aspects of the work to the following:
(1) planting to the end of May, when water in a large drought in arid, especially in the bud leaf expansion is particularly important; rainy Underground Drainage ditch clearance in time to prevent root disease deaths. Reasonably good control of water level or not is the key to survival.
(2) 6 month of handling fertilizer, usually 6 to 9 month period, once a month applied urea fertilizer per plant per 50 grams (one two), l0 months phosphorus and potassium compound applied per plant 100 ~ 150 g fat (2 to 3 two).
(3) Plastic: to be when the seedlings grow to 80 cm Topping (for planting when the seedlings do not need to be dry topping), after the election to be sprouting a different direction to stay 3, 6 to 8 cm away from strong for the main branch buds cultured for 3 main branch in the vicinity of Bud within 5 to 6 cm erase all the other buds, so as not to affect the growth of three main buds; does not affect the growth of buds to be long main branch to the 20 priming when topping 25 cm branches, sub-post-processing technology with the former.
main branch to be left behind 3 to 40 ~ 45 cm long when the topping and branch buds after the election to extend the branches of a front-end growth, choose a bud as collateral culture; lateral branches to 30 cm long when the topping, extended to 45 branches to 50 cm long Topping; using piling method of pulling a rope, so that the direction of uniform distribution of the three main branch, branching angle of 45 degrees. Branch and lateral branch extension does not affect the growth of buds, according to their degree of density to erase or leave: 15 to 20 cm generally stay away from a bud, to be 20 ~ 25 cm long when the topping for the auxiliary support branch training. Some solid walnut back strong, then planting seedlings sprout in most of the female flower buds have appeared, that promptly after the removal, so as not to affect the survival and tree growth.
2. the first 2 to 3 years of management
2 to 3 years of management's main task is to accelerate tree growth, prompting shape as soon as possible, in order to lay a good foundation for future fertility, but also can be Let a small amount of fruiting trees. General will be the second female flower buds in the spring of all the pluck and promote tree growth, the first 3 years each tree node 40 to 60 fruit (40 to 50 kg per mu, so). Focus on the management of pruning and fertilizer management.
pruning work has two aspects: First, on the basis of the previous year, and then develop a collateral, so that each main branch has two lateral branches, one extending branches, whole tree to become a nine. The first lateral branch from the trunk 40 to 45 cm, and the second lateral collateral from the first 50 to 55 cm, using pinching, bending branch and other methods to complete. Second, the collateral, extended branch and main branch on both sides of the culture results Zhizu, using pinching, pruning and other twisted take along,bailey UGG boots, so full of different sizes results Zhizu tree space. Results Zhizu configuration principle is outside the large small. Dense vegetables outside, the size of staggered, dense and not crowded, sparse but not empty.
fertilizer and water management focuses on fertilization and drainage. Fertilization 4 times a year, autumn leaves per plant facilities after the decomposition of organic fertilizer (manure) 10 to 15 kg (20 to 30 kg), urea per plant during the spring bud 100 to 150 grams (2 to 3 two), 5 urea per plant in mid to late 100 grams + 50 grams of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, in mid-August on the 100 grams of urea per plant + P and K fertilizer, 100 grams, Oct. 50 grams of urea per plant in early P and K fertilizer + 150 grams. Buried facilities in the crown of the external ring, in case of drought after fertilization can be properly watered to facilitate the absorption of fertilizers. Rainfall, we should pay special attention to make the drainage work, because fear of floods and drought walnut.
(b) Management
early adulthood Walnut early management in place, began to enter a large number of results 4, 6 to 7 years of rich, high yield per hectare park can reach an annual output of Walnut 6 to 7.5 tons (800 to 1000 kg per mu.) The focus of management is to maintain the balance of results and growth, year after year to ensure high and stable yield, good job fertilizing and pruning the main two key technologies.
general fertilizer nitrogen application per square meter of canopy 50 to 60 grams of phosphorus pentoxide and potassium hydroxide with 25 to 30 grams of organic manure (farmyard manure) 5 kg. Organic fertilizer as base fertilizer in the fall after leaves buried. Dressing for 4 times a year, first flight walnut budding flower to the main line with P and K fertilizer, the amount of top dressing fertilizer accounts for 50% of the year; the second in mid-June on, still mainly nitrogen, with phosphorus K (but slightly increased the proportion of P and K), accounting for 25% of the amount of annual fertilizer; third flight in mid-July on, the same as the ratio of NPK, accounting for 15% of fertilizer throughout the year; fourth flight taken After close to the main P and K, nitrogen, supplemented, accounting for 10% of the amount of annual fertilizer. Such as drought after fertilization can be properly watered, in order to facilitate the absorption of fertilizers. Pay special attention to good drainage work.
pruning techniques are the following: First, the backbone of the branch pruning: the basic shape of this branch of the backbone, the backbone is no longer extend outward extension of branches, pruning should pay attention to extend the use of the vine bud sticks rejuvenation, the main collateral stay on the leaves; peripheral branches, such as dense crowded, overlapping influence each other, should be Thinning and timely retraction. Second, the results Zhizu of Rejuvenation: For weakness of the results Zhizu to update, is to cut the strong growth potential and upward position of the branches, according to the order within the canopy outside the culture in small, medium and large Zhizu. In the update process, to control the growth of Wang Chi, to prevent Third is to use leggy branches: the leggy branches to be free to leave, the principle of free space on the sparse, leaving the leggy branches of topping, and other ways to nurture Zhizu stub. Fourth, remove useless branches: the too close, overlapping, cross, worms, dry, thin branches all Thinning.
IV
Walnut Walnut soil management soil management is essential, whether to ensure an important part of high and stable yield. Soil management to do the following:
(a) reasonable for the young among species
Walnut, to promote inter-species of dwarf crops to farming on behalf of the ask, can gain access to the year, Soil can be cured, favorable growth of the tree. It should be noted between the species in the two problems: First, not between the types of corn, sorghum, sunflowers and other tall crops, and melons and other climbers, so as not to affect the walnut tree lighting; the second is the growth of walnut trees intercropped to provide for sufficient space , without affecting the growth of walnut trees under the premise, the general should have the principle of intercropping in the crown periphery. Walnut can be intercropping of ginger for the adult and other shade plants. Walnut is not intercropped budding in the spring, in mid-June, mid-July on, after harvesting, cultivating, weeding with a top dressing.
(b) Gallant
Walnut soil use on grass, crop straw mulch, can cool the soil moisture, suppress weeds, but also increase soil organic matter, soil improvement, the implementation can be advocated . Hetaoyuan cover cover 2 to 3 cm each, to be decomposed after the coverage. Large amount of work covered the whole park, can only cover the crown area. New Park, around the year covered in the vaccine can improve the survival rate and accelerate tree growth.
(c) deep plowing Walnut
improving soil every year or once a year interval, widening outward along the outer edge of canopy 40 to 50 cm, depth 60 to 70 cm, and people buried in straw, Tuza Fei, green manure, grass, etc., curing the soil, improve soil organic matter content. Adult park between the lines in the plant or between sub-bath pressure on pumping into organic fertilizer and weed, straw and so on. Increase soil organic matter, soil aging work to ensure that the basis of yield, should not affect the production well.
five major walnut pest control
(a) of the main pests of walnut
1. walnut moth give limbs
(1) hazard : The walnut kernel into the Immature insects, the harmful effects of black skin is sinking, victims of black fruit shrinkage, can not eat.
(2) Characteristics: Adult body length from 5 to 7 mm, all dark brown, shiny, antennae filiform, fin lanceolate, margin of hair longer than Chiyu width, hind foot longer than the body, the Central Health 3 beam long-haired bundle, a section of black and white. Stop when the lateral rear hind foot lifted, it said the moth give limbs. Larvae about 10 mm body length, head brown or dark brown, white newly hatched larvae, mature larvae pale yellow, with purple spots on the central back, abdominal toe hook is a single order form, hip cross toe hook is a single sequence band. Eggs oval, 0.3 to 0.4 mm long, white when first produced, then turn yellow white, red and yellow before hatching; pupae spindly, yellow white, brown, dark brown and red compound eyes can be seen, on both sides of the valve was born in pupa . Cocoon dark red or light brown, oblong, slightly flat, often late and the fine soil particles adhesion grass.
(3) habits and occurrence: 1 to 2 occurred on behalf of one year to mature larvae in the soil, stones and soil, the roots of the old leather sewn inside the Ministry of cocoon winter, the general canopy 1 to 2 cm deep in the soil most. Began in early May next year on the emergence, by the end of May to early June for the emergence peak; prolific egg every two fruit and white, the stigma off the scar, the scar at the fruit surface, usually lay eggs 1 1 fruit 2. In late May to mid-July against the first generation of larvae. In mid-May through the first generation larvae begin feeding inside the fruit kernel, Zhukong small, out of glue, causing a large number of fruit drop, but no victim-like husk. In mid-July to late July, the second generation of larvae in the mesocarp in Zhushi, so the fruit outside the black depression, a
(4) control methods: late autumn to winter, plowing Efficiency in Tobacco Fields, kill overwintering larvae or pupae; from the fallen fruit promptly began to pick up fallen fruit every day and fall collection of black walnut trees burned to eliminate larvae.
(b) of the walnut major disease control
l, walnut black spot
(1) Symptoms: The main hazards of walnut leaves, twigs, flowers and fruits. When the victim leaves, round or polygonal in nearly a small black spot, after the expansion of the spread of the entire leaf, National Cheng Kung University in severe plaque with each other. As early as the leaves fall. Twigs and petioles affected, lesion length round or narrow, brown, slightly sunken, when the lesion lap around the branches, causing dry technology. Inflorescence victims, the first black Shui Zizhuang have spots, do not start after the rachis black, become curved, and even dry off. Fruit victims, the initial occurrence of black spots, was Shuizi Zhuang, after the rapid expansion of the lesion, leading to skin all black; young fruit victims can invade the nucleolus, can nucleolus,UGG boots, shell is black, cause early fruit drop, the old fruit lesion affected only
(2) the incidence pattern: bacteria, mainly in diseased branches, diseased fruits, disease and insect body overwintering buds, through wind and rain, insects, pollen and ill spread of human activities, from the natural orifice and wound invasion. Closely related to the incidence and rain, rain often spread rapidly. Year incidence of heavy rain, weak tree is more important than healthy trees, nursery stock, trees more important than in young trees.
(3) control methods: the winter with pruning, removing diseased fruits, diseased branches, diseased leaves concentrated burned, spray once before germination Baume degrees 3 to 5 lime sulfur; except winter precaution and, in the female flower before flowering, after flowering, the spray of a young fruit l: 0.5:200 of Bordeaux mixture, copper sulfate, or 0.4%, or 500 ~ 800 times Tuzet, or 0.2%, 0.003% streptomycin sulfate.
2, walnut shoot blight
(1) symptoms: l ~ 2 years old after the shoot or collateral victims, starting with the top began to gradually spread to the trunk. Yellowing leaves off the branches affected. The early stages, the Ministry of chlorosis disease gray branches green, brown or gray after the big broom shoot the Department of subsidence. When the lesion one week around the branches, dead branches or whole plant death occurs, and the deadwood to generate dense, Qun black specks, which acervulus. Humidity, a large number of spores and mucus pouring from the central disk, the formation of melanoma in the Handicap-like protrusions.
(2) the incidence pattern: winter pathogens branch at the disease the following year by storms such as the spread, supporting the invasion of wounds or dead branches. Only the weak against the bacteria branches, strengthen management, enhance tree vigor can prevent second disease.
(3) Control Method: cut off the diseased branches, dead trees. Focus on burning to reduce the pathogen; enhance fertilizer and water management, and enhance tree vigor; winter with lime 7.5: salt 1.5: Vegetable oil: 0.25: sulfur powder 0.5: water 50 times the white-white-agent.
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